Reinterpretation of the Demir Baba Tekke: An evaluation within the framework of the works of the Razgrad Archaeological Society and Ananie Yavashov (1922–1934)

Abstract

This study examines the archaeological, historical, and cultural data concerning the Deliorman (Ludogorie) region through the annual reports published by the Razgrad Archaeological Society between 1922 and 1934, together with Anani Yavashov’s work “The Sacred Bulgarian Antiquity”: Demir Baba Tekke. The study aims to examine the emergence and development of historical interpretations centered on the Demir Baba Tekke, and how these evolved over time into a systematic historical thesis. In this context, field surveys, archaeological finds, tumuli, old cemeteries, settlement traces, and historical structures recorded in the annual reports have been examined collectively. The reports particularly focus on the Demir Baba Tekke, the Mumcular Tumulus, and the issue of the tomb attributed to Khan Omurtag (r. 814–831 AD). The architectural characteristics of the tekke, the surrounding tumuli, burial areas, and its geographical location were associated with early Bulgarian history; thus, the structure was reinterpreted not only as a Bektashi-Kızılbash place of pilgrimage but also as an important component of Bulgarian historical heritage. In addition, Kızılbash-Alevi-Bektashi communities, abandoned Turkish cemeteries, oral narratives, and local religious practices were evaluated as elements reflecting the multilayered historical character of the Deliorman region. The study also demonstrates that the Razgrad Archaeological Society was not merely an institution conducting archaeological research, but also a body that interpreted and presented historical heritage to the public through museum activities, conferences, publications, and the press. Yavashov’s work systematized these historical and archaeological interpretations, thereby repositioning the Demir Baba Tekke within the framework of national historical discourse.